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Why do aerospace device choose ceramic substrate PCB as material？
In the field of aerospace, the choice of materials is critical because spacecraft and ultra-high speed flying objects need to maintain stability, performance and reliability under extreme environmental conditions. Among them, ceramic PCB, FR4 PCB board and flex circuit are three common material options, but in aerospace equipment, why is it more inclined to choose ceramic PCB rather than other two types?
May someone will curious that flex circuit is excellent in flexible, thin and light weight properties, which is conducive to long-distance transportation, why not choose FPC? Besides, FR4 PCB has good enough support than ceramic, it has high toughness, not easy to be broken as well, why choose ceramic instead of FR4 PCB? Let’s delve into together.
Why FR4 PCB and Flexible circuits are not suitable in Aerospace?
From the molecular structure perspective, FPC is made by polyimide and FR4 rigid board is made by epoxy resin, both of them are organic board. After being exposed to the cosmic rays, it is easy to have a chemical reaction, which will change their molecular structure, and deform the product. That's the mainly reason that they can't be used in aerospace.
In addition, compared with ceramic PCB, normal circuit board can’t withstand high temperatures. The ignition point of PCB is 130oC, which is relatively low. Even if the high-temperature resistant material is added, its high-temperature resistance characteristics cannot be changed. Most epoxy resins have a burning point of about 200oC, and their high temperature resistance is also very weak. In another way, FR-4 glass fiber board is composed of high temperature resistant glass fiber material and high heat resistant composite material, but no matter what kind of glass fiber material, it is toxic and harmful to the human body, so it is not advisable.
Why ceramic substrate PCB is the best choice?
Aerospace equipment operates in challenging environments that demand materials with specific properties to ensure reliability, safety, and performance. Ceramic substrate PCBs offer several advantages over traditional materials like FR4 PCBs or FPC flexible boards, making them a preferred choice for aerospace applications. Here's why ceramic substrates are chosen for aerospace equipment:
1. High-Temperature Stability: Ceramic substrate PCBs can withstand extreme temperatures without degrading. The resistance temperature for ceramic is -55~850oC (some special technology such as HTCC can achieve 1600oC). In addition, its breakdown voltage can up to 2wV, this is crucial for aerospace applications where equipment might be exposed to both very high and very low temperatures.
2. Thermal Conductivity: Ceramics generally have higher thermal conductivity than materials like FR4. For example, the thermal conductivity for AlN is around 170~230W/mK, while FR4 PCB only has 1.0 W/mK, about 200times that of the normal PCB. This means they can dissipate heat more effectively, protecting sensitive components from overheating.
3. Electrical Insulation: Ceramic substrate PCB itself is an insulating material. Therefore, no additional insulating material is required to manufacture the ceramic substrate. In the production of ceramic metallized products, the bonding strength of ceramic and titanium (Ti) metal can reach 45MPa, and the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of metal copper and ceramic is more matched. Ceramic substrate and metal layer can be firmly combined under high temperature conditions as well. This good property enables to prevent short circuits and electrical interference in aerospace equipment.
4. Mechanical Strength and Low Dielectric Constant: Although the ceramic circuit board is fragile, it has a high mechanical hardness and a low dielectric constant, and can be used at high frequencies. This makes them suitable for the physical demands of aerospace applications. If used in the electronic communication industry, the signal loss rate can be significantly reduced.
5. Dimensional Stability: Ceramics exhibit minimal dimensional changes with temperature variations, ensuring consistent performance and reliability of the equipment.
6. Chemical Stability: Ceramics are chemically stable and can be widely used in electronic products that are corrosive or require prolonged immersion - such as automotive LED sensors.
7. Longevity and Reliability: Due to their inherent properties, ceramic substrate PCBs tend to have a longer lifespan and higher reliability in aerospace applications compared to other materials.
Those characteristics makes ceramic substrate circuit PCB board achieve faster speeds, less fuel consumption, larger payloads, and longer stays in space for exploration vehicles and aerospace applications. I believe, as innovation continues, the application of ceramic substrate will be more extensive, and it will be more competitive in the future market.
Now you should make a good comprehension about ceramic circuit board, welcome to contact us if you are trying to know more about it.
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